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King
for five days
A King - assuming appropriate home - born not made. Unless your name is Otto Witte and lifts himself to the throne.
what happened 90 years ago.
On 13 February 1913 that drove Otto Witte, a small fairground from Heimbach to near his eventful life as cunning to the extreme: He was crowned King of Albania. The glorious adventure lasted five days, and it still sounds incredible today.
Showman Otto Witte from Heimbach made history
Dear Reader,
me as in the preparation of the home day Asked in 1973 Heimbach Administrator Dr. Walter Beyer and Mayor Gerhard Dingert to present something about the legendary king of Albania and I agreed, I had no idea on what I took in me there.
I researched everywhere I found only a trace, authorities and archives in Baumholder, Berlin, Gau-Algesheim, Hamburg, etc. I asked. Even Erich Honecker helped me to get the marriage certificate in Berlin-Pankow. Fridolin Bauer field of all I owe a very rich track to Hanover. SPIEGEL-Archiv 19 947 and in the mirror I found one.
Such was Otto Witte (1871-1958) at the age of - almost a brother of Captain von Köpenick
The editor of the Public Scoreboard in Bad Kreuznach gave me the newspaper's archives available. The Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation and the State Chancellery in Berlin Saarbrücken gave me a book with which one had previously ever tried to bring light into darkness. The author, however, threw in the towel. I just did not want. The Albanian ambassador and his culture attaché promised me help in trying to learn what is in the country of Albania to learn about the events at that time. Many people, press organs to support me and I could go on the litany of posts that I receive help, much further. That would certainly be tiresome for you.
lived here Otto Witte
was
In Heimbach announced at the beginning of my research that Witte was here under the name "De Hahne Keenisch known. He lived" uff da Hahne Borsch, a house that was raised between the houses shoes and room a bit. In the land he was also considered (Wilhelm) Hahn mentioned. For my presentation I had only 20 minutes. This streamlined text that was printed in the Communications of the Association for Local History has published the editorial staff of Bläätchens 1997 in a series over several months.
All Newer and more details call later. Thus, for example, that the Federal President after the visit of the President Albania has made in further contact and that in Berlin-Pankow, Witte as one of their own is seen and appears in parades. This knowledge I owe Pickard Beate, who is married there. So, after everything else.
enjoy reading this incredible story that was published in 1997 as a series in our "Bläätchen.
Yours sincerely
Kurt Hugo Laininger
Play today as a politically interested person the name of the country Albania thinks, probably because this Southeast European country is around two million people, a Democratic People's Republic, which turned away from Moscow and in China has inspired her staff has set in Comecon and has withdrawn from the Warsaw Pact.
who also still has interest in religious matters, knows that Albania, whose population of about half are Muslims, while one-third of the Roman Catholic. and belong to the Orthodox faith, calling herself the "first atheist state in the world" In the year 1967 in Albania more than 2,000 mosques and monasteries were closed
By now you may ask.. "What Heimbach to do with Albania?" But before I get to telling you how to become a resident of Heimbach King of Albania, is a brief history Review needed:
Albania, which until the 20th Century nation state has had since the year 167 of the Roman Empire. After the division of the kingdom in 395, it belonged to the Byzantine East. Later it was contested between various neighboring countries. In the mid-15th Century was the first time under Skanderbek a union of all Albanian tribes. After his death in 1468 the country was finally Turkish (with the result that the majority of Albanians to Islam). Apart from various hill tribes revolt against the Turkish rule, the Albanian national consciousness awoke only at the end of the 19th Century. after the outbreak of the 1st Balkan War said Ismael Kemal. At Valona on 28/11/1912 in the independence of Albania. On 29/07/1913, the major powers agreed in London on the creation of an independent Albania.
fall into this time the events to which I would like in my presentation. Previously, I want to outline the future course of Staatwerdung Albania.
of the prince of the new state chosen German Prince Wilhelm of Wied could not prevail until the outbreak of war in the few months of March 1914. By the end of the 1st World War II, Albania was occupied by the Central Powers and the Italians. In 1922, Ahmed Zogu seized the government. In 1928 he became king. Later rejected Albania in Italy. 1939 Victor Emmanuel III was king in one. King Zog had previously fled. After the collapse of Italy was the country (whose independence had been prepared nominally again), under German occupation. After the withdrawal of German troops under Colonel-General Enver Hoxha of Albania Democratic People's Republic. (1946).
At the time of the Albanian independence movement Otto Witte stepped into the limelight. We are instructed his memories, which he presented in his book "Five days of King of Albania". The actions described in it seem to his contemporaries not been fully verified, for in the rd. 700 pages comprehensive work of Friedrich Wencker Wild Mountain, entitled "uncrowned kings, attempt a world history of the adventurer," * was published), the in 1934 and in which the author has tried seriously, the story of a special variety of adventures, namely of the kings of self-styled to write, it indicates the source is cited, he had the information given by Witte descriptions of his Albanian king adventure unverifiable can. I need you so please do not take the matter too seriously.
*) = State Library Marburg, PB 568 550
Otto Witte told
Witte describes in his memoirs that in 1931 the public display in Bad Kreuznach appeared as a continuation of history, where I dug it in the archive of his life. I now follow his representation,
He was born a child of a showman, who drove in a carriage through the country and demonstrated at the fair ladies without a torso, sea snakes and other attractions. A real school, he has rarely visited, and what he lacked in education, he replaced it with wit and cleverness.
Even with the age of nine began his wandering life. With a menagerie, including stall owner, he moved to Italy and beasts. He was a sorcerer, "severed human head," "sawed" and "missing boy". After his comprehensive "training" had learned during arena, theater and circus owners and as a tightrope walker, he tore the age of 12 from - to Switzerland. On the trip, he earned his living by manual reading.
The rich widow
In Milan he came to a widow who broke into tears at the sight of him because he looked similar to her late son. Whose place he took for some time until it was too boring. His restless blood led him this time to the east; of Venice, Trieste, Budapest and Belgrade, Serbia. When he ran out of pocket money, he worked as a laborer at the royal palace, where he found an opportunity, the royal couple's Zauberkunststückchen presents. When work stopped were, he went with his colleagues on the roll, until both finally fell into the hands of Macedonian bandits. Since they demanded ransom (the first required 10 000 lire were eventually reduced to 5,000) could not obtain, they had to flee. Then the two friends went to Constantinople, where Witte hired on a steamer. Working as a coal trimmer he made no great fun. Brought steel from Solingen, which he brought before duty on board, and sold to the passengers, brought him but beside the proceeds from magic shows nice income. In Turkey, he came with a tip and somehow stamped papers everywhere. (Full of pride his arrogance and his luck, he said that he once even stamped with an old bill that has not even been denominated in his name, had come through).
Loved by daughter of the Negus
The next major experience that he considers newsworthy, plays Abyssinia. He had joined an expedition to the region wanted to explore the Blue Nile and in whose honor the Negesti Negus Menelik II gave a reception. - The princess liked not only the art pieces, but also the young blonde German. The two decided to flee together. In Suakin, where they would board a ship leading to Suez, they were by the Port Police caught. As the descendant of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba was brought back to her parents, Witte was found for a place behind solid walls. A skilled artist, it was him but easy for you to disappear before it could go to him in the neck. From Beirut, where the a ship on which he had found employment was reached, he walked on foot to Jerusalem. (There, he made the acquaintance of the Pasha-governor, who took a liking to him and took him more often on the hunt).
Across Africa
On a journey through Egypt, he photographed the royal tombs (surely he has not manufactured by them giving away tickets only). slipped in Cairo it in the warm nest under a Romanian, with whom he got along well. In general it seems to have nowhere understanding is difficult. Africa, he learned on expeditions, which he followed to know through and through. When he had become tired of this life and gone to Constantinople, he was a recruiter of the Foreign Legion in his hands. After reading the description of his suffered there, "training" can be understood that he preferred, as quickly as possible to make out of the dust.
escape in officer's uniform
He managed in a captured officer's uniform, in which a clock was, he replied immediately. The proceeds handed also to acquire a false passport in the name of "Count Hohenthal. A German from Transylvania, whose husband was briefly previously died leaving a considerable fortune, took him home. There he was expected not only much-needed clothes, no; He was allowed to remain entirely succeed to the rights of the deceased husband. For a severance payment of 20 pounds sterling, he finally decided on his spirited patron in favor of a merchant from Saxony. This "successor" but wanted to make sure that his money not to the window- was ejected, he not only bought the tickets to London, but he made sure personally that his predecessor really departed.
The thing with Matkei
On the trip to London Witte comforted rapidly over the pain of parting, for he met a pretty young Greek named Matkei. With this partner, they also had an unhappy love affair behind him, he became friends. Later, both lived in a first-class hotel, had gone to the money. But this beautiful woman he had not alone, she later went to America by a fellow who had put her dizzy, he had two million U.S. dollars benefit, he needed only to pick up. Finally, it was found that the clean guy had swindled the bank with 300 pounds Using a stolen check book. He decided immediately, the beloved, which he believed in good faith to reproduce long,, as a stowaway.
"Count Hohenthal learns on board the beautiful Matkei
know as knight in shining armor, he met his old friend, the red-haired. Emily, with whom he had previously been together on a cargo steamer. It is not excluded that this red-haired friend was from Heimbach.
This friend brought him under the coal bunker and fed him. After he had searched in vain for his American friend, he traveled back to Germany. As a clown with a circus and later as an actor pulling from town to town, found He also re-trace his unfaithful Matkei that was located in Constantinople, but was now married. He could therefore only be temporary, until her husband came back, stay with her. without taking leave of her, he joined a Russian expedition to Egypt and Lake Victoria to. He put it back through 4000 kilometers across Africa, and went by ship to India (part of the world, he had never known before), where he volunteered as a diver for a deep-sea expedition. Finally he went to South Africa, traveled through the Cape, the Orange Free State Boers, the Transvaal and Bechuanaland.
In cannibals
When he finally among cannibals came, he could save himself only in that he persuaded by magic tricks that they are dealing with a great spirit who was with mysterious powers in conjunction, had to do. On this pilgrimage, he met the pygmies. In gratitude for the hospitality afforded him, he freed three, from a neighboring tribe Negro Pygmäenfräulein stolen, but no longer wanted to return to their tribe. come to the Transvaal, he was magic shows, to which the three girls were dancing. Later in Europe Witte moved with the three dark-skinned women from city to city, fire and sword dancing he swallowing the forest beautiful. To the three women, which he finally but have become annoying, like getting rid of them married to a Dutchman, a Bohemia and Tyrol.
lazy spell with the Wild
The liberation of girls
traveled to India, he found a treasure that allowed him to anywhere in the world and also in Germany as a "messenger of love of God" in need people to help. At slave markets, he purchased free Europeans and sent them back to their homes. In Zanzibar, he freed German girls who were abducted in public houses.
Finally, he returned to Germany where he started a family, then He moved to the fairs with a carousel and a menagerie with trained monkeys and seals that had supplied him with Hagenbeck. Give him old Heimbach residents still remember.
soldier in the Turkish army
After many adventures that we can not express all, he was finally on the eve of the 1st Balkan War officer in the Turkish army. As a spy with a false name Josef Joppa, he managed to steal in the service of the Turkish secret service, the entire deployment plans of the Bulgarian army from the War Ministry in Sofia. From the advance of 10,000 piastres 9000 Goldpiasten took it to the post. I quote him verbatim: "There I completed a number card to my wife to Germany, and pushed then nine thousand dollars to Cashboards's. And I was happy about that stupid face that would make it when the postman would count the money at home in Heimbach at the close on the table, because nine thousand dollars were under German money or at least almost three thousand dollars "
Otto Witte in the uniform
a Turkish
Field Marshal
In the introduction to the ministry, he managed refined, roamed his thoughts from some of the nine thousand dollars, which he had sent home. Sure, he thought, the shopkeeper had from Heimbach this before part in the till. If not mistaken, he said, with the light from a Mr. Kramer Baumholder, of which we hear a little later. The successful procurement of the important document was rewarded with the presentation of the Turkish Major patent.
Next he took on the procuring of the Serbian deployment plans. As a travel advance he received again 10 000 Goldpiaster he brought immediately to the post and set off for Home Bach. When introduced it had a secret friend called Arzim Turkish youth, who was playing in his biggest adventure a significant role. The theft of the Serbian deployment plans eventually succeeded with the help of the girl, in whose heart and room he had found admission. The two simply stole a somewhat shaky general who once visited the lady every week, his yellow briefcase in which there were the popular papers. After a dangerous flight across the Danube Witte could put the plans that also gave the planned allocation of European Turkey information on the table of the Turkish secret service headquarters. - The secret Witte was the way only "prince" because of its similarity to the Turkish Prince Halim Eddin immediately apparent stabbed
command of Prince Halim Eddin
In the so-called first Balkan war, which began at this time. and in the the Balkan Alliance (consisting of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria) have fought against Turkey, there have reigned down right confusing situation. When you investigate the status of the Serbian front behind him came the thought, the two Turkish armies standing in Albania with a fictitious order to induce them to act. Finally, he wanted to take a Turkish Prince Halim Eddin even self-command of the troops. As he spoke Turkish very well indeed, but could neither read nor write Turkish, he had the help of his Turkish friend Arzim insurance. This should stand him as adjutant to the side. It was the dispatch of two Telegrams decided. "Prince Halim Eddin comes, takes command. The "Sultan", was the one, while the other had the following text: "Prince Halim Eddin is, command of all troops have the Supreme Command". While these messages were given up by a captain Volkars in Constantinople, the two friends had already broken through to Durazzo. The trip was not without danger. The earlier in Vienna with a costume rental acquired Turkish uniforms were both on their arrival at Durazzo almost proved fatal. With sword swallowing, and similar tricks could Witte Serb officers of its hazardous nature . Convince Per farm carts and on foot, and Witte Arzim set to march in the direction of Tirana, which was still occupied by the Turks. Only about 30 km from the coast, they met with Turkish outposts. They dressed to go unnoticed and buried her clothes. Witte then ordered his aides to tell the first Turkish post, his Highness Prince Halim Eddin wish to speak immediately Essad General Pasha.
So it happened. Until the district commander of the retinue of the wrong prince in more than two dozen officers had increased. In the Neighborhood Essad Pasha Witte took a parade. The condition of the troops was so miserable that the false prince of the exclamation "lousy, what the troops ".. blurted He succeeded very quickly, to gain authority, his knowledge of the Serbian deployment plans, which he had acquired as a Turkish spy, made a great impression Then he gave the following speech." The war, Effendi, has a change made to the glorious history of the talks victorious Turkish armies scorn. Our main army is in front of Adrianople, which threaten the Bulgarians hard held.
King of Albania takes off the parade.
The top two Turkish army corps, their , Effendi, are required to take the war to our favor. I am come to lead you to victory. "The Serbian hinterland is of troops exposed. The road to Belgrade is open. We will push forward and conquer!
He threw the store
was after was he described the situation on the Turkish side, he ordered a tightening of all troops . With his narrow, military, energetic appearance made his Highness such an impression that the two Turkish generals conceived the plan to declare the supposed prince to the Albanian king. This would be a turkish kind king was present before the Western powers barter would have the throne.
This plan Witte very pleased. Arzim His friend was even not agree. As a Turkish officer to him the thing seemed to run out mutiny. Since it would have been in the case of success the last chance to get to the Turkish Sultan, the country was expected to be its subsequent approval. So there was a simple proclamation without all the pomp and circumstance decided. Everything else should be made up for the coronation at the end of the war.
The king proclaimed
The next day, Witte of Essad Pasha King of Albania was declared. In the cheers from afar hurrying Albanians, blaring music, screaming and swinging towels Witte said he was willing to take the throne and the proud people of the Albanians to be a worthy king. When suddenly somewhere Boellert a cannon, he at first believed to the end of his royal glory - but there were gun salute. As the shots had died and went to lecture the government stepped in Arzim, which he then 1 Minister was appointed. The declaration, in which much of the deeds of the legendary national hero Skanderbeg (had tried in the 15th century to fight for the independence of Albania), the speech was and ignored the sent the centuries of Turkish rule with a big jump, were to be in, including the National Assembly arrived three months ago, was with loud cheers welcomed. Then gifts were presented, there was almost no end.
Long live the King of Albania!
military and people cheered him
As unrest in Tirana were reported, the new king immediately went there. An assassination attempt on him was refused by the Skipetars bodyguard. He took possession of his government palace, where still no desk, but a harem of 11 beautiful young daughters of influential Albanians was present.
On the fourth day of the monarchy Wittes was received from Constantinople a telegram to remove it from the was that the right Prince Halim Eddin is still residing in Constantinople, so that must be the king proclaimed Prince a fraud. Witte made a quick decision to summon the military staff, tore up the telegram from Assad Pasha took his sword, leaving him and arrest the other Turkish General and was first again in control. Then he appointed the Albanians Ben Dota to the new commander in chief. fled
in work clothes
that night and decided Witte Arzim to escape together. They divided the gifts among themselves, and rode out accompanied by 20 officers from the city. Under any pretexts, they got rid of by and by their escort, until she finally had already reached near the coast, were alone. From a farmer they could give the clothes. The telltale uniforms they sank in a creek. At dawn, they came without prejudice in Durazzo. The Serb positions were the two ragged peasants who appeared to want the market to pass without question. In Durazzo they went on board an Austrian vessel that brought them into a half days of Fiume. There they learned that waves had hit their king adventures in the world. Especially in Berlin should we have been very angry, because to make the preparations, the Prince of Wied as King of Albania, were already far advanced. - It turned out that Witte had to thank all the war correspondents, had spread the message of the King's proclamation to the world. Bethmann-Hollweg had then sent telegrams to Constantinople to protest against the alleged coup of the Sultan. Constantinople, but had a clear conscience, had replied that there must be a false prince, for the correct one in Constantinople. So the stone had been set rolling.
Even the disappearance of the two adventurers had told the press on their arrival at Fiume already. After he had left Arzim, Witte drove home.
difficulties when returning
In Salzburg, he had difficulties at the border at the customs control, as is the Treasures from his pockets pulled. He was detained and interrogated for several days, because in Tirana it was not ready to admit to a telegraphic request, that you had fallen for his hoax.
Witte said that they had surely read in the newspapers of the proclamation of King of Albania and sudden from his flight. The man he was and if it were held in 1000 telegrams under your nose, all that changed nothing because the ex-King of Albania in the middle of the Artist's Otto Witte from Heimbach on the Nahe, near Bad Kreuznach is.
Since you did not believe him and thought him insane, he was placed in a mental hospital. After a few days came the chief doctor then ran excitedly. He wore a fourteen-day-old newspaper in his hand with a picture to see at the Witte at the top of his entourage was when he entered in Tirana to take in the justice palace apartment. In the photo he had seen precisely in his royal dignity.
So let him continue. In a society that had given the police chief, were also present press people to do nothing better had when the whole story to bring in the newspaper. Above all it had done to them the matter of the harem and the 11 beautiful girls he had himself from sheer worry and work for only an hour from watching.
Now we can re-Otto Witte own words:
"Glad my freedom, I sat on the train. I had not been long at home. So I drove for about Munich, Stuttgart, Frankfurt and Bad Kreuznach straight to my home village Heimbach on the Nahe. - When I left the train there, I was already the man is equal to the lock. - "Otto man, what did you just hired again? The newspapers, you'd be king of Albania have been. Is that because everything the report as "-" Is Is "! I nodded condescendingly and had my fun with amazement. - Well, I thought that if the know it all, they know the home's for sure, and with pride Breast, I went home. But the reception was very different than I had imagined. - As soon as I enter the apartment because my wife was pumped in to me and shouted: "You have had a harem? A harem with 11 girls? Ugh, "and my five children stood around us and looked at me with wondering eyes. I could only shake his head. This cursed harem! He had taken me not only the royal crown, it also made me now a little longer to domestic peace. And I had entered it only once for an hour. "
Dear Readers!
I leave it to you to decide whether it is in the descriptions or more to Köpenickiade Münchhausiaden concerns. On the merits, I certainly, as far as I could be followed-up. Here I found out that Witte has actually lived in Heimbach. Or at least he did not invent. He lived in a house that was the "Hahne castle". A picture of this house we have in our first report (page 3) is shown. My research at the Land Registry have revealed that the parcel on which stood the house, on 06/09/1911 abandoned the showman William Hahn Gau Algesheim was. Due to supplement the Decision of 05.06.1913 was it then to the merchant Jakob light from Baumholder about. He had his time in Heimbach a retail business. With him, it should be made to the "Kramer" Heimbach have acted, in which Mrs. Witte part of the spy wages should have been implemented.
But who was William Hahn? The community association management Algesheim Gau, when I asked communicating the facts known to me has answered me, asked by the elderly, people with local knowledge, no one knew something of a showman Hahn.
Older Heimbach people know Witte as "Hahne king." I do not doubt that the name "Graf Hohenthal" and "Joseph Joppa" is not the only false name, the Witte in his long led live.
lived after World War 1 Witte in Bad Kreuznach. there he had the restaurant leased to the Rhine-Nahe-Bahn. The old Kreuznach know him yet as a candidate in the presidential election 1925th At that time he had founded the non-attached to the party and his supporters have gathered 23 000 signatures in support of his candidacy. But then he is said to have abandoned in favor of Hindenburg, as was found in later publications. Official documents on the links I could find so far. However, I have copies of documents that he in 1947 at the Lord Mayor of Berlin filed when he applied for reinstatement of his party. In this application, he stated that about 30% of his supporters were based in the Ruhr area, while in Rheinland 27% lived. In Great Berlin he had 20 000 supporters. The Witte's signature, which is on the application together with 14 other signatures is obvious with a blunt pencil, a wooden table without backing was written.
that the Allied command and having considered the documents submitted are not dealing with the authorization of the party was in a hurry, you can imagine. That behind the not very cleverly worded documents, which needed, in part, in a literal reproduction of calls to the occupation authorities, the post-war Germany was their safe quickly become clear. The following excerpt from the Charlottenburg Neue Zeitung of 08.01.1933 I will not deny them:
Otto Witte, a party founded
"On the Reistag! In 1918 Witte, incidentally, now owns several restaurants in the Kreuznach, a party and can stand as a candidate for parliament. In a flyer it says literally: voters, middle class, workers, actors, distributors, restaurant owners, small farmers and all subordinate officials, do not let you through different writing and speaking, beguile, be firm and steadfast, because no one can represent your interests better than Otto Witte, guest host, showman and dealer. Witte is a world most prepared man, land and people at home and abroad knows exactly such a man as Witte need our kingdom. Witte is indispensable at the present time, therefore, read the election slogan: "Otto Witte is elected! This is the right man! <„
Otto Witte Hindenburg gives its votes can
In Bad Kreuznach, Otto Witte down as an innkeeper, more than once, he must tell his story to the guests. Perhaps it the attraction into a new adventure. He wants to Germany as well try, as politicians and founded the "Non-affiliated party of the German middle class" as 1925, the Chancellor Friedrich Ebert dies and a successor is sought, can Otto Witte stand as a candidate. In the first round, he can claim more than 100 000 votes son Karl.: "He was enough of the sensation. He renounced his vote and gave it a great gesture to the second for the ballot surprising as candidates set out Field Marshal von Hindenburg. "Show without end.
appeared To make things worse then an article in the Berliner Zeitung of 21 January 1948 who had been inspired by Witte and has caused among many of the other experiences, including of course the Albanians affair, even from the re-establishment of the non-attached party was mentioned. that this article discusses the rejection of the application by the Allied commander on 31/01/1948, seems not far-fetched to be.
Witte lived in the Notjahren after the 2nd World War in Berlin. . From there he was, as he told a reporter of the news magazine Der Spiegel in October 1947, going abroad to bring food to procure the it must have been then did not allowed; of energy it has the then 73 year old not sure missing.
The royal title was recorded in Otto Witte's federal ID card.
On August 13, died in 1958 Otto Witte, he is buried in Hamburg-Ohlsdorf. In the family grave and his in 1949 who died in Baumholder wife Maria buried to the final last a bed rest.
Andreas Bauer, deputy director of the Komische Oper in East Berlin, many years later recalled an encounter with Otto Witte: "In my memory he has remained as a lovable dreamer, one of the last adventurer who, like a good clown, fun attitude about the world, but also - and this was his size - about themselves"
A clown, the king was, if only for five days, whether true or not -.. Do we want to know's absolutely
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After the conquest of Philippopolis Amurath granted peace to the Greek emperor, and returned to Bush, he was soon called back by an unexpected attack. Christian princes on the other side of Hemus, who saw the Muslims arrived to their borders, had given the alarm in Europe: Pope Urban V preached a crusade against Turks. Without waiting for the rescue of the West, Urosch V, King of Servia or kral the voivodes Bosnia and Wallachia, conspired, King Louis of Hungary joined them, and 20,000 Christians descended on the banks of the Maritza, up to two days of Adrianople. The Turks were not strong enough to risk a commitment to open violence, but in favor of a dark night, Hadji-llbek, with a corps of 10,000 men, surprised the camp kept carelessly, and Christians, unarmed, hear with terror ring from all sides the war cry of Muslims: Allah! Allah! They flee in disorder, and perish, for the most in the waters of the Maritza (1565). The plain still bears the name HRIS-Zinduyhi (defeat of the Serbs). 
l) Albania, Skanderbeg was up to the peace in Albania since 1461st